IPM News and Events Roundup 07/11/2025
A weekly collection of IPM news, webinars, employment, funding opportunities, and more from the Northeastern IPM Center
If you have IPM-related research, events, or other IPM news you would like to have included, please email Jerrie Haines at jlh472@cornell.edu. If you would like to subscribe to the weekly Roundup, please email northeastipm@cornell.edu. Past Roundups are archived on our website.
This work is supported by The Northeastern IPM Center, project reward Grant #2022-70006-38004, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or U.S. government determination or policy.
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Northeastern IPM Center News
Zap On Over to GROW's New Weed Electrocution Page
There's a lot happening in the world of electrical weed control, and GROW (Getting Rid of Weeds) has a new educational web page on weed electrocution. [Read more]
Cornell IPM (formerly the New York State IPM Program) continues to bring IPM practices that reduce risks to human health, the environment, and the community to all of New York's 20 million residents. [Read more]
IPM Institute Welcomes Christopher Stevenson as Executive Director
The Board of Directors of IPM Institute is proud to announce the appointment of Christopher Stevenson as the new Executive Director. IPM Institute is dedicated to improving sustainability in agriculture and communities. [Read more]
Working at the Intersection of IPM and Organic
Abby Seaman, Cornell Integrated Pest Management, has been interested in the cultural and biological control aspects of IPM throughout her career. In this article, she discusses her experiences with both IPM and organic production practices. [Read more]
Northeastern IPM Center Releases 2024 Annual Report
The Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center has published its annual report for 2024. [Read more]
Research in the news
Recent southwestern US drought exacerbated by anthropogenic aerosols and tropical ocean warming (nature.com)
The southwestern United States is currently in a multi-decade drought that has developed since a precipitation maximum in the 1980s. While anthropogenic warming has made the drought more severe, it is the decline in winter–spring precipitation that has had a more profound effect on water resources and ecosystems. This precipitation decline is not well understood beyond its attribution to the post-1980 La Niña-like cooling trend in tropical sea surface temperatures, which caused a North Pacific anti-cyclonic atmospheric circulation trend conducive to declining precipitation in the southwestern United States. Using a hierarchy of model simulations, we show that, even under El Niño-like sea surface temperature trends, there is a tendency towards a North Pacific anti-cyclonic circulation trend and declining precipitation in the southwestern United States, counter to the canonical El Niño teleconnection.
Lethal and sublethal effects of three dust products on the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
This study evaluated three dust products for controlling the tropical bed bug. Authors found diatomaceous earth dust (DE) and silica gel dust are very effective for controlling the tropical bed bugs. Both have significant horizontal transfer effect, which means the dust can be spread among bed bug individuals. Applying a band of DE or silica gel dust can prevent bed bugs from infesting the protected areas. The results should also be applicable to the management of the common bed bugs.
Effect of Diquat on gut health: molecular mechanisms, toxic effects, and protective strategies (frontiersin.org)
Diquat is a widely used bipyridyl herbicide that is extensively applied in agricultural production and water management due to its high efficacy in weed control. However, its environmental persistence and the toxic effects it induces have raised widespread concern. Studies show that Diquat primarily enters the body through the digestive tract, leading to poisoning. The core mechanism of its toxicity involves reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress, which not only directly damages the intestinal barrier function but also exacerbates inflammation and systemic toxicity by disrupting the balance of the gut microbiota and the normal production of metabolic products. This review systematically summarizes the physicochemical properties of Diquat, with a focus on analyzing the mechanisms by which it damages the gut tissue structure, barrier function, and microbiota after digestive tract exposure.
News
Fungicides intended to suppress turfgrass diseases may damage fairways (psu.edu)
Golf course managers have much more insight into which fungicides to use to suppress turfgrass diseases, such as the common and costly dollar spot disease, without damaging the grass on their fairways, thanks to a new study by researchers at Penn State.
The team evaluated variation in turfgrass injury caused by nine commercially available demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides — a class of fungicide widely used in turfgrass management — commonly used to suppress dollar spot and other major turfgrass diseases when applied to annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass fairways. In Pennsylvania and much of the Northeast, golf course fairways often are a mix of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass.
FFAR Seeks New World Screwworm Research Proposals (foundationfar.org)
The New World screwworm is rapidly spreading northward in Mexico, moving closer to the U.S. border. This parasitic fly infests mammals, including livestock, wildlife and sometimes people, causing severe tissue damage or death if left untreated. To advance research into this devastating pest, the Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research’s (FFAR) rapid response program, Rapid Outcomes from Agricultural Research (ROAR), is seeking research proposals on New World screwworm risk assessment, prevention and treatment.
Some butterflies adapted to have second ‘heads’ that confuse predators (science.org)
It’s a problem that has vexed many a horror movie makeup artist: How do you give someone the appearance of having a second head? Seemingly to fake out predators, many butterflies have evolved their own solutions to this problem, with elaborate patterns and structures on their wings that create what look like second heads on their backsides. Now, in a new study in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, researchers at the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) dive deeper into the origins of these “false heads”—and reconstruct the step-by-step evolutionary history that gave butterflies the ability to create such convincing decoys.
First National Cover Crop Variety Test Report Released through Partnership Effort (betterseed.org)
The intent of the National Cover Crop Variety Testing program is to identify how new and existing cover crop varieties perform in a wide variety of locations across the country. For this first-year report, data from 11 states is provided for 25 different varieties representing six different cover crop species. The project leader, Dr. Rob Myers of University of Missouri, stated “We’re excited to share this new data on cover crop variety performance, and in future years will continue to expand the numbers of varieties tested in support of further cover crop adoption.”
According to Dr. Etienne Sutton, project manager, “The data we report on includes cover crop biomass, winter survival, flowering date and other observations such as weed control and plant disease occurrence where relevant. Weather data for each test location is also included in the report.”
Underground Warfare: Cereal Rye Cover Crop Suppresses Johnsongrass Rhizomes (growiwm.org)
A mystery was cropping up in southern Texas. “We’ve done a lot of research on cover crops, and every time we had a cereal rye cover crop, we noticed less johnsongrass in the field,” recalls Gustavo Silva. A master’s degree student at the time, he and his colleagues dug up the cover crop plots and found far fewer johnsongrass rhizomes where cereal rye had been planted.
So in 2024, Silva launched a two-year study to better understand this phenomenon, and preliminary data revealed surprising results: Cereal rye significantly suppressed johnsongrass rhizome biomass, rhizome node number, and regrowth plant biomass. Silva posits that this annual cover crop could be part of a successful weed management strategy in conventional and organic operations. This summer, he’s replicating the trials to further explore his theory.
Global Poultry Industry: Geopolitics and Bird Flu to Shape 2025/26 Outlook (morningagclips.com)
The global poultry industry has seen a relatively strong start to the year, sustained by rising animal protein prices and lower feed costs compared to last year. However, recent developments, including the announced (and postponed) US import tariffs, bird flu outbreaks in key regions, and the Israel-Iran conflict, are introducing significant uncertainty. According to RaboResearch’s latest animal protein report, these factors are poised to impact global trade and market dynamics substantially.
Poinsettias, Pesticide News & Education Opportunities (growertalks.com)
What the ...?
Bill on Poinsettias
Impacts on Pesticides
Canker Webinar
Education in Spanish
Bridgeport beach closed this summer due to invasive tick species, officials say (wfsb.com)
Pleasure Beach in Bridgeport is closed for the summer due to a discovery of several tick species.
Environmental experts said they found multiple tick species on the island, including the invasive Asian longhorned tick.
Survey
2025 Grower & Extension Needs Survey
This survey is the best way to tell IR-4 how we can help ornamental growers successfully manage pests and produce healthy crops. Please fill out the form below to help us learn which disease, pest, and weed control issues are primary concerns for the green industry, both regionally and nationally.
In addition to this survey, the Project Clearance Request form is the best way to seek IR-4's assistance when you know which product you would like to see registered for a specific pest problem. Another effective way to share and discuss your needs is by contacting your IR-4 Regional Field Coordinator (RFC).
The deadline for submitting a survey for 2026/2027 research is August 29, 2025.
This 5-minute industry survey aims to identify research and Extension priorities focused on native plant propagation and production.
Except for your time, there are no risks or conflicts of interest associated with participation in this study and participation is voluntary. All responses will remain confidential. Your anonymous input for the survey will help identify research and Extension priorities in the United States.
If you or your business currently grow or are interested in propagating and growing native plants, and are willing to participate in this short survey, please click on the link below.
Dr. Danielle Tufts is an Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh’s School of Public Health. He is reaching out to invite you to take part in a quick, 5-minute survey that could help protect Pennsylvania livestock from invasive ticks and the diseases they may carry.
If you raise cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, or a combination of these animals, your insights are incredibly valuable! We want to hear about your experiences with ticks, your knowledge of tick-borne diseases, and the steps you take (if any) to protect your animals.
By participating, you’ll be contributing to vital research that can help inform better protection strategies for farmers like you. Your responses are completely anonymous and used solely for research purposes. We are also seeking individuals who would allow us to sample their pastures and animals for ticks. If you are interested, please provide your contact information at the end of the survey.
Ready to share your experience? Click the link below to take the survey:
https://qualtricsxmyq2cqwt77.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_3qrl6kTpZJDzlI2
Webinars, seminars, meetings, and more
Newly featured this issue
Enhance your knowledge of blueberry production by joining our four-part webinar series, featuring leading experts who will share research-based strategies for managing common challenges in blueberry cultivation. Each session will focus on a key topic: disease management with Dr. Bill Cline (September 30), insect management with Dr. Rufus Isaacs (October 7), weed pest management with Dr. Thierry E. Besançon (October 14), and fertility and nutrition with Kathy Demchak (October 21).
Register By: September 29, 2025.
Tuesdays
September 30, 2025, and October 7, 14, & 21, 2025
(1:00 PM-2:00 PM)
See event fee details
Northeast Greenhouse Conference and Expo
Save the Date
2025 Northeast Greenhouse Conference & Expo
November 12 & 13, 2025
Doubletree by Hilton Manchester Downtown Hotel and Expo Center
Join us for the 2025 Maine Rodent Academy in Portland (or virtually!)
Join us for a Rodent Integrated Pest Management (IPM) training (Rodent Academy) led by nationally recognized rodentologist Dr. Bobby Corrigan, hosted by the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry. This engaging, credit-approved training takes place August 28–29 in Portland, Maine (virtual option available on August 28) and offers up to 11 Maine pesticide credits (6 credits for virtual attendees). Pre-register at this link to be the first to hear when registration opens. Slots fill up very quickly!
Previously featured
Communicating with Farmers Under Stress
Join Extension Educators for this event for professionals who serve the agricultural industry and work with farmers and their families. This webinar will help ag professionals recognize the signs of stress and how to communicate with and respond to farmers and their family members when they need assistance.
Who is this for?
- Ag Professionals
- Farm Employees
What will you learn?
- How to identify signs of stress
- Discover tips for handling stress on the job and when working with clients
- Become aware of resources available for you or your clients
Register By: August 18, 2025 | This event is free of charge.
August 19, 2025
(1:00 PM-3:00 PM ET)
Events to offer IPM Strategies to Protect Corn and Soybean Seeds in the Absence of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Treatments
- July 22, 2025 from 10 a.m. to 1:30 p.m., “IPM Strategies to Protect Corn and Soybean Seed in New York State,” Cobleskill, NY
- July 25, 2025 , 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., “Life After Neonics: Exploring The Effect of Manure, Cover Crops, and Seed Treatment on Early Pest Risk in NY Field Crops,” Aurora, NY (during Aurora Farm Field Days)
- July 30, 2025 from 11 a.m.to 1 p.m., “IPM Strategies to Protect Corn and Soybean Seed in New York State,” Hamburg, NY
Join a GROW Farmer Forum on Weed Electrocution in the Field
GROW will be hosting a Farmer Forum on Wednesday, July 23, 2025, at 11 a.m. ET.
The forum’s farmer panel and moderator will explore how electrical weed control units fit into a weed management program.
Listen in and bring your questions as farmers from Maryland and Ohio discuss their in-the-field experience with the Weed Zapper! CCA CEU credits will be available.
Farmer Panel:
- Jim Jacobs, Thistledown Farms, Napoleon, Ohio
- Aaron Cooper, Cutfresh Organics, Eden, Maryland
Moderator:
- Ryan Hamberg, Texas A&M
Registration is free! Sign up here
.
REGISTRATION IS OPEN FOR THE 2025 UMASS TURF RESEARCH FIELD DAY!
Date: Wednesday, July 23, 2025
Location: UMass Joseph Troll Turf Research Center
23 River Road, South Deerfield, MA
The day will feature:
- Take a guided research tour with presentations and demos
- Hear about and see projects in the field
- Talk turf with UMass faculty and staff
- Network with colleagues in a festive atmosphere
- Meet with industry exhibitors at the on-site trade show
- Enjoy a continental breakfast and a hearty BBQ lunch
Get pesticide and professional re-certification credits
Save the Date!
New York State Agritourism Conference
November 10 and 11, 2025
Saratoga Springs, NY
2025 Webinar Series for Greenhouse, Nursery and Garden Center Professionals.
These monthly webinars address topics of plant health and greenhouse operations and award one New England pesticide applicator recertification credit each.
Monthly, 6:30 – 8:00 PM, $10 each.
Registration and more info: https://extension.unh.edu/blog/2025/01/2025-webinar-series-greenhouse-nursery-garden-center-professionals
July 29 | Bacterial leaf spots: diagnosis and management with Dr. Bo Liu, UNH
August 26 | Ultra low volume sprayers: Are foggers right for you? Calibrating and mixing with Jason Grimmett, Dramm Corporation
September 30 | How to choose pesticides and build effective spray regimens with Jonathan Ebba, UNH
October 28 | How to train employees to water with Jonathan Ebba, UNH
November 25 | A biocontrol starter pack with Jonathan Ebba, UNH
December 16 | In-house root zone testing with Jonathan Ebba, UNH
UC IPM's Urban & Community Webinar Series
Join us at noon on the third Thursday of every month to learn about pest identification, prevention, and management around the home, garden, and landscape. This series is free and open to the public but advance registration is required.
- July 17: Wild World of Wasps!
What’s Bugging You First Friday is a monthly virtual series that explores timely topics to help you use integrated pest management (IPM) to avoid pest problems and promote a healthy environment where you live, work, learn and play. IPM is a wholistic approach that uses different tools and practices to not only reduce pest problems, but to also address the reasons why pests are there in the first place. Each month, our speakers will share practical information about how you can use IPM.
The 2025 What’s Bugging You First Friday schedule is available on the program’s website, and you can register for multiple events using our registration form.
August 1: Making a mosquito bucket trap | Feeding Friendly Insects: Pick plants
September 5: Top 5 rodent exclusion tips | Feeding Friendly Insects: Get ready to plant
October 3: Winterize your home orchard | Feeding Friendly Insects: Fall is for planting
November 1: Understanding indoor cockroaches | Invasive tawney field cockroach
December 5: IPM for clothes moths and pantry moths
Newly featured this issue
The Central Maryland Research and Education Center – Beltsville Facility is seeking an Agricultural Technician Lead. Under general supervision the Agricultural Technician Lead will assist facility manager in the day to day operations and maintenance of farm and specialized agricultural research equipment. Working with the manager to coordinate activities for researchers and others performing research and extension activities at the facility. Carrying out field work - tilling, planting, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting-for traditional and non-traditional agricultural crops and research plots.
IR-4 Project Executive Director
The primary function of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS) unit is to develop the knowledge and technology needed to improve productivity, profitability and sustainability of industries in agriculture and the life sciences; develop ways to conserve and improve the state’s natural resources and environment; improve the health, well-being and quality of life of North Carolina’s citizens; and provide the science based research for academic and extension programs.
The IR-4 Project is a national Federal/State partnership research program to assist farmers of fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, ornamentals, and other specialty crops by facilitating registration of safe and effective chemical and bio-based pest management products. The IR-4 Project is needed because the crop protection industry focuses their research efforts on major crops such as corn, soybean, and cotton that provide the companies adequate return on their development investment. The IR-4 proactively identifies available and emergent products to provide strategic pest-management tools to enhance profitability and sustainability outcomes for farmers of specialty crops. IR-4 Project Headquarters provides national leadership, coordination and regulatory compliance for the IR-4 Project research activities performed by approx. 125 scientists at over 20 public sector research farms and four analytical laboratories throughout the United States.
Previously Newly featured this issue
Work with a team of innovative researchers and educators to help us conduct applied agricultural research in sustainable pest management. Projects include work on fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops, as well as insect, plant disease, and weed pests. Work will be done both on research farms in Geneva, and on commercial farms in central and/or western NY (requiring some travel, but no overnight stays). This is a fully in-person position located at Cornell AgriTech in Geneva, NY. Specific tasks may include: helping maintain field trials, measuring field soil data and plant parameters, scouting for insects, entering data, taking pictures, helping with crop harvest, assessing plant quality, and assisting with logistics for educational events (either virtual or in-person). Plant maintenance tasks may include loading and driving supplies to fields in a project assigned pickup truck, mowing with a walk-behind mower, weeding, pruning, and keeping appropriate records of activities and results. You may work with plants that have been treated with pesticides. We will provide all necessary personal protective equipment and training.
4-H Extension Educator II - Mt. Ida (Hybrid Opportunity)
The 4-H Extension Educator for the Norfolk and Suffolk Counties, located at the Mount Ida Campus, will provide programmatic leadership and management for the Massachusetts 4-H Youth Development Programs. Develop and implement educational programs and resources for youth ages 5-18 while providing support and oversight for collaborating with adult volunteers and partner organizations. The Educator is part of a team that coordinates activities, processes and functions with other 4-H educators and administrators across the state.
EIQ and Neonicotinoid Economics Support Specialist
The New York State Integrated Pest Management Program (NYSIPM) at Cornell AgriTech is part of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). The Program/Extension Aid III will provide support to the improvement of the EIQ, a web-based decision support tool that consolidates potential pesticide risks to farm workers, consumers, and non-target organisms into a single metric. As a critical tool for promoting sustainable pesticide use and mitigating environmental and human health risks, the EIQ requires ongoing maintenance and enhancement. With the availability of new pesticide exposure data, there is a need to refine the calculation methodology to improve its accuracy and applicability. This person will support the expansion and improvement to strengthen the NYSIPM scientific rigor, usability, and impact of the EIQ, ensuring its continued role as a valuable resource for sustainable pesticide management in New York and beyond.
Full-Time Job Opportunities with the Finger Lakes PRISM
Aquatic Invasive Species Program Manager
This position will play a critical role in protecting the Finger Lakes region. The Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program Manager will develop and administer programs to support the goals of the Finger Lakes Institute and the Finger Lakes Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management. AIS programs will address the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of aquatic invasive species across the 17-county Finger Lakes PRISM region in New York. This position will serve as a regional expert AIS by providing technical and scientific support to partners.
Terrestrial Invasive Species Program Manager
This position will play a critical role in protecting the Finger Lakes region. The Terrestrial Invasive Species (TIS) Program Manager will develop and administer programs to support the goals of the Finger Lakes Institute (FLI) and Finger Lakes Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management. TIS programs will address the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of terrestrial invasive species across the 17-county Finger Lakes PRISM region in New York. This position will serve as a regional expert in TIS by providing technical and scientific support to local, regional, and statewide partners.
Invasive Species Education & Outreach Program Manager
This position will play a critical role in protecting the Finger Lakes region. The Education and Outreach (E/O) Program Manager will develop and manage public-facing, regional programs to support the goals of the Finger Lakes Institute (FLI) and the Finger Lakes Partnership for Regional Invasive Species Management (PRISM). Examples of such programs include those focused on watercraft inspection stewards and citizen science. The Finger Lakes Watercraft Inspection Steward Program places staff at public boat launches regionally to educate boaters and inspect watercraft for invasive species. Citizen science programs train volunteers to support the monitoring and early detection goals of the Finger Lakes PRISM.
Aquatic Invasive Species Fieldwork Coordinator
The Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Fieldwork Coordinator will support the Finger Lakes PRISM in a critical role overseeing major aquatic programs. They will help to plan, supervise, and coordinate program-specific efforts that address prevention, monitoring, and control of AIS throughout the Finger Lakes PRISM region. Working under the supervision of Finger Lakes Institute (FLI) staff, the AIS Fieldwork Coordinator will support the supervision of the Finger Lakes Institute’s Watercraft Inspection Steward Program (WISP), and their macrophyte monitoring program
Tifft Discovery Camp Counselor
The Tifft Discovery Camp Counselors provide oversight of campers enrolled in Tifft Nature Preserve’s Summer Discovery Camp programs. Counselors will work collaboratively with the Camp Director, Facilitators of Learning, Volunteers, and other Counselors to provide memorable and engaging experiences and a safe and fun summer for all campers. This position requires a friendly and positive individual who is energized by working with children ages 3 – 10. Ideal candidates will possess an interest in nature and enjoy being outdoors. The ability to be adaptable, proactive, and problem-solve is also key. To maintain a safe environment, the Discovery Camp Counselors will understand and
adhere to the Department of Health Children’s Camp and other camp guidelines at all times
University of Maryland College Park
The IT Coordinator supports all aspects of computer and technical support in the Department of Veterinary Medicine. The IT Coordinator responds to requests for service on all UM computers and peripherals; sets up and records when needed video conferences; installs and troubleshoots hardware and software issues; sets up and manages user accounts, user groups, shared drives, folders and calendars. Works with faculty and Executive Coordinator to add content to and maintain the department web page. Maintains database of all AV/IT capital equipment plus full inventory of all UM tagged inventory (computers, screens, peripherals) and purchases new software and equipment as needed. As the Systems Administrator, the IT Coordinator maintains all user accounts and performs regular virus scans and data backups. The coordinator also stays up to date with technological changes by attending classes, workshops and webinars annually. Performs other duties as they are assigned and needed.
Coordinator, Nutrient Management Advisor
University of Maryland Extension (UME) Agriculture and Food Systems (AgFS) Program seeks candidates for a 12-month Agricultural Nutrient Management Program (ANMP) Nutrient Management Advisor. ANMP Nutrient Management Advisors develop nutrient management plans for agricultural producers to balance nutrient inputs with crop requirements, thus optimizing production potential, improving farm profitability, reducing excess nutrient inputs into the Chesapeake Bay and enabling producers to comply with the State of Maryland’s Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998.
Agent (Extension Specialist – Entomology in Ornamental Horticulture IPM)
University of Maryland Extension (UME) invites applications for a 12-month tenure-track position at the Agent or Senior Agent level to conduct applied research, provide educational programming, and offer entomology expertise in integrated pest management (IPM) in the commercial ornamental horticulture industries and UME personnel throughout Maryland. Specifically, the Extension Specialist will provide IPM leadership in entomology and delivery of educational programming in insect pest management to Maryland’s green industries including nursery, greenhouse, cut flower, arboriculture, Christmas tree, and landscape maintenance industries. The Extension Specialist will be expected to respond to a broad set of entomology needs within ornamental horticulture production and maintenance including delivery of information on IPM, biological insect management, evaluation of novel insecticide delivery options, monitoring and disseminating information on emerging pests, and other topics.
Agent Associate - Home Horticulture Educator & Master Gardener Coordinator
University of Maryland College Park
The Home Horticulture Educator and Master Gardener Coordinator is a part-time (.6 FTE - 24 hours per week) position that will work in support of the Baltimore City Home Horticulture Extension Program, which falls under UME’s Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) program area. The mission of ENR is to strengthen and improve individuals’ knowledge, skills and aspirations to make changes in their lives and the lives of others that positively affect the economy, the environment and the associated natural resources for current and future generations. The Educator will support the ENR programmatic area by educating the public on the research-based best practices regarding home and non-commercial horticulture.